Jump to content

Labour Party (UK)

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from British Labour Party)

Labour Party
Governing bodyNational Executive Committee
LeaderKeir Starmer
Deputy LeaderAngela Rayner
ChairEllie Reeves
General SecretaryHollie Ridley
Lords LeaderThe Baroness Smith of Basildon
Founded27 February 1900;
124 years ago (1900-02-27)[1][2]
(as the Labour Representation Committee)
Headquarters
Youth wingYoung Labour
Women's wingLabour Women's Network
LGBT wingLGBT+ Labour
Membership (March 2024)Decrease 366,604[5]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-left[11]
European affiliationParty of European Socialists
International affiliationProgressive Alliance
Socialist International (observer)
Affiliate partyCo-operative Party
(Labour and Co-operative)
Former affiliates:
Other affiliationsSocial Democratic and Labour Party (Northern Ireland)
Colours  Red
SloganChange Begins (2024)[12][13]
Anthem"The Red Flag"
Devolved or semi-autonomous branches
Parliamentary partyParliamentary Labour Party (PLP)
House of Commons
402 / 650
House of Lords
186 / 805
Scottish Parliament
22 / 129
Senedd
30 / 60
Regional mayors[nb]
11 / 12
London Assembly
11 / 25
PCCs and PFCCs
17 / 37
Directly elected mayors
10 / 16
Councillors[nb][14]
6,470 / 18,646
Election symbol
Website
labour.org.uk Edit this at Wikidata
^ Mayor of London and 11 combined authority mayors.
^ Councillors of local authorities in England (including 25 aldermen of the City of London) and Scotland, principal councils in Wales and local councils in Northern Ireland.
Part of a series on
Social democracy
History
Concepts
Variants
People
Organizations
By region
Related
Part of a series on
Organised labour
Labour movement
Labour rights
Trade unions
Strike action
Labour parties
Academic disciplines

The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom that sits on the centre-left of the political spectrum.[15][16][17] In a broader sense, the party has been described as an alliance of social democrats, democratic socialists and trade unionists.[18] It is the governing party of the United Kingdom, having won the 2024 general election, and is currently the largest political party by number of votes cast and number of seats in the House of Commons. There have been seven Labour prime ministers and fourteen Labour ministries. The party traditionally holds the annual Labour Party Conference during party conference season, at which senior Labour figures promote party policy.

The Labour Party was founded in 1900, having emerged from the trade union movement and socialist parties of the 19th century. It was electorally weak before the First World War, but in the early 1920s overtook the Liberal Party to become the main opposition to the Conservative Party, and briefly formed a minority government under Ramsay MacDonald in 1924. In 1929, Labour for the first time became the largest party in the House of Commons with 287 seats, but fell short of a majority, forming another minority government. In 1931, in response to the Great Depression, MacDonald formed a new government with Conservative and Liberal support, which led to his expulsion from the party. Labour was soundly defeated by his coalition in the 1931 election, winning only 52 seats, but began to recover in 1935, with 154 seats.

During the Second World War, Labour served in the wartime coalition, after which it won a majority in the 1945 election. Clement Attlee's government enacted extensive nationalisation and established the modern welfare state and National Health Service before losing power in 1951. Under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan, Labour again governed from 1964 to 1970 and from 1974 to 1979. The party then entered a period of intense internal division which ended in the defeat of its left wing by the mid-1980s. After electoral defeats to the Conservatives in 1987 and 1992, Tony Blair took the party to the political centre as part of his New Labour project, which governed under Blair and then Gordon Brown from 1997 to 2010. After further electoral defeats in the 2010s, Keir Starmer again took Labour to the centre and has governed since 2024.

Labour is the largest party in the Senedd (Welsh Parliament), being the only party in the current Welsh government. The party won most Scottish seats in the 2024 general election. Labour is a member of the Party of European Socialists and the Progressive Alliance, and holds observer status in the Socialist International. The party includes semi-autonomous London, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish branches; it supports the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) in Northern Ireland, while still organising there. As of March 2024, Labour has 366,604 registered members.

History

Main articles: History of the Labour Party (UK) and History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom

Origins to 1890s

Keir Hardie, (1856–1915), first leader of the Labour Party contingent in the House of Commons

The origins of what became the Labour Party emerged in the late 19th century. It represented the interests of the labour unions and more generally the growing urban working class. Hundreds of thousands of workers had recently gained voting rights by laws passed in 1867 and 1884. Many different trade unions flourished in the industrial districts. Their leaders used the Methodist revival tradition to find ways to rally the membership. Several small socialist organizations formed and wanted power based on the working class; the most influential was the Fabian Society, which was made up of middle class reformers. Keir Hardie worked for cooperation among the unions and left-wing groups such as his small Independent Labour Party (ILP).[19]

Labour Representation Committee (1900–1906)

Main article: Labour Representation Committee (1900)

The Labour Party was formed by unions and left-wing groups to create a distinct political voice for the working class in Britain. In 1900 the Trades Union Congress (TUC), an umbrella body for most unions, sponsored a national conference to unite into a single party that would sponsor candidates for the House of Commons. The conference created the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), as a coalition of separate groups with Ramsay MacDonald as secretary. The fearsome issue for labour was the 1901 Taff Vale legal decision which made most strikes illegal; the urgent goal was to get Parliament to reverse it. The LRC cut a secret deal with the Liberal Party: they would not compete against each other in the 1906 general election.[20] Voters gave the Liberals a landslide with 397 seats out of 664; the new LRC won 29 seats. The LRC renamed itself "The Labour Party", with veteran MP Keir Hardie narrowly winning the role of leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP).[21]

Early years (1906–1923)

The original Liberty logo, in use until 1983

The Labour Party's first national conference in Belfast in 1907 helped shape many of its key policies. Never fully resolved was the puzzle of where the final decisions ought to lie—in the annual conference? the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP)? The local chapters? The Trade Union Congress (which brought together the heads of most unions)? The conference created a "conscience clause" allowing diversity of opinions rather than a rigid orthodoxy. Irish politics proved to be so different that the Party simply quit Ireland and worked only in England, Scotland and Wales. In 1908–1910 the Party supported the momentous and largely successful Liberal battles in favor of a welfare state and against the Unionist/Conservative Party and against the veto power of the House of Lords. Growth continued, with 42 Labour MPs elected to the House of Commons in the December 1910 general election. During World War I, the party experienced internal divisions over support for the war effort, but also saw one of its top leaders Arthur Henderson, serve in the powerful war cabinet.[22]

After the war, the party focused on building a strong constituency-based support network and adopted a comprehensive statement of policies titled "Labour and the New Social Order". In 1918, Clause IV was added to Labour's constitution, committing the party to work towards common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange. Socialism was vaguely promised, but there was no effort made to draw up detailed plans on what that would mean or how it could be accomplished.[23]

The Representation of the People Act 1918 greatly expanded the electorate, enfranchising all men and most women. The party concentrated its appeal on the new electorate with considerable success among working men, but far less success among women. As the Liberal Party collapsed, Labour became the official opposition to the Conservative government. Its support for the war effort demonstrated that the Labour Party was a patriotic and moderate force that solved problems and did not threaten class warfare.[24]

Labour forms a government (1923–1924)

Main article: First MacDonald ministry

The 1923 election was a pivotal achievement with the formation of the first Labour government. The Conservatives called for high tariffs. Labour and Liberals both wanted free trade. Labour leader Ramsay MacDonald formed a minority government with Liberal support that lasted 10 months. The only domestic achievement was the Wheatley Housing Act, which expanded the large-scale public housing program that started in 1919 with support from all three major parties.[25] MacDonald was much more successful in foreign policy. He helped end the impasse over German payment of reparations by enlisting Washington to launch the Dawes Plan. Much more controversial was his decision to recognize the Soviet Union.[26] That ignited an anti-Communist backlash that exploded four days before the 1924 election in the fake Zinoviev Letter in which Kremlin supposedly called for revolutionary uprising by British workers. The 1924 election saw the Conservatives return to power, benefiting from the Zinoviev letter and the continuing collapse of the Liberal vote. The Labour share of the popular vote went up, but it lost seats. Above all the moderation of the Macdonald government put to rest the lingering fears that a Labour victory would produce a violent class war.[27]

The failed general strike (1926–1929)

In 1925–26, coal sales fell and the mining companies demanded an increase in hours and a cut in wages. The miners were totally opposed and planned a strike. The TUC coalition of unions decided it would support the miners by a nationwide general strike that would paralyze most of the national economy. A strike was postponed when the Conservative government offered a subsidy for wages, but it also prepared to deal with the threatened general strike. Meanwhile, the TUC failed to make preparations. It ignored the Labour Party in and out of Parliament and in turn party leaders opposed a national strike. The 1926 general strike failed after 9 days as the government plan devised by Winston Churchill proved highly effective in keeping the economy open while minimizing violence. In the long run, however, the episode tended to strengthen working class support for Labour, and it gained in the 1929 general election, forming a second government with Liberal help.[28]

Second Labour Ministry in 1929 and failures in 1930s

Main article: Second MacDonald ministry
Ramsay MacDonald, first Labour prime minister (1924 and 1929–1931).

Once again with Liberal help, MacDonald became prime minister following the successful 1929 election. There were some promising achievements in foreign policy, notably the Young Plan that seemed to resolve the issue of German reparations, and the London Naval Treaty of 1930 that limited submarine construction.[29] Some minor legislation was passed, notably a noncontroversial expansion of new public housing. Overnight in October 1929 the world economy plunged into the Great Depression, and no party had an answer as tax revenue plunged, unemployment doubled to 2.5 million (in late 1930), prices fell, and government spending on unemployment benefits soared. Conditions became much worse in 1931 as the banks became unable to loan the government enough to cover the growing deficit. In an era before Keynesian economics, the strong consensus among experts was for the government to balance its budget.[30]

Spending was cut again and again but MacDonald and his Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Snowden argued that the only way to get an emergency loan from New York banks was to cut unemployment benefits by 10%. They pointed out that cost of food was down 15% and overall prices were down 10%. But in the cabinet most Labour members were vehemently opposed—they demanded new taxes on the rich instead. MacDonald gave up and on 23 August went to King George V and resigned the government. Unexpectedly the monarch insisted that the only patriotic solution was for MacDonald to stay and form an all-party "national government" with the Conservatives, which he did the next day. The Labour Party felt betrayed and expelled MacDonald and Snowden. The new National Government, 1931–1935 kept Macdonald and Snowden and two others, replacing the rest of the Laborites with Conservatives. The 1931 election took place on 27 October. Labour had 6.3 million votes (31 percent), down from 8.0 million and 37 percent in 1929. Nevertheless, it was reduced to a helpless minority of only 52 members, chiefly from coal mining districts. The old leadership was gone. One bright note came in 1934 when Herbert Morrison led Labour to take control of the London County Council for the first time ever.[31][32]

In the 1935 election, Labour recovered to 8.0 million votes (38 percent), and Clement Attlee became Minority Leader. The Party now had 154 seats but had minimal influence in Parliament. At the local level union leaders, led by Ernest Bevin, successfully defeated Communist infiltration.[33] In foreign policy a strong pacifist element made it slow to support the government's rearmament program. As the threat from Nazi Germany escalated, the Party gradually abandoned its pacifist stance and came to support re-armament, largely due to the efforts of Bevin and Hugh Dalton. By 1937 they had persuaded the Party to oppose Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.[34][35] However, as late as April 1939 the Party strongly opposed conscription for the Army.[36]

Wartime coalition (1940–1945)

See also: Churchill war ministry

The party returned to power in May 1940, with about a third of the seats in the wartime coalition government under Churchill. Attlee was given a new position as Deputy Prime Minister. He was in charge of the cabinet when Churchill was absent, and handled domestic affairs, working closely with Bevin as Minister of Labour.[37] The war set in motion profound demands for reform. This mood was epitomised in the Beveridge Report of 1942, by the Liberal economist William Beveridge. The Report assumed that the maintenance of full employment would be the aim of post-war governments, and that this would provide the basis for the welfare state. Immediately upon its release, it sold hundreds of thousands of copies. All major parties committed themselves to fulfilling this aim, but the Labour Party was seen by the electorate as the party most likely to follow it through.[38]

Attlee government (1945–1951)

Main article: Attlee ministry
Clement Attlee, Prime Minister (1945–1951)

With victory in Europe the coalition broke up in May 1945. The 1945 general election gave Labour a landslide victory, as they won 12 million votes (50% of the total) and 393 seats.[39] The Labour government proved the most radical in British history. It presided over a policy of nationalising major industries and utilities including the Bank of England, coal mining, the steel industry, electricity, gas and inland transport (including railways, road haulage and canals). It developed and implemented the "cradle to grave" welfare state. It created the National Health Service (NHS), which gave publicly funded medical treatment for all.[40]

Nationalisation primarily affected weak and poorly managed industries, opening the hope that centralized planning would reverse the decline. Iron and steel, however, were already well-run and nationalization was denounced and later reversed by the Conservatives.[41]

The economy was precarious during the age of austerity, as wartime restrictions and rationing continued, and the wartime bombing damage was slowly being rebuilt at great cost.[42] The Treasury depended heavily on American money, especially the 1946 loan of $3.75 billion at a low 2% interest rate, and the gift of $2.694 billion in Marshall Plan funds. Canada also provided gifts and $1.25 billion in loans.[43][44][45][46]

The government began the process of dismantling the British Empire, starting with independence to India and Pakistan in 1947, followed by Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) the following year. It relinquished its control over Palestine to the United Nations in 1948.[47] Elsewhere independence movements were much weaker and London's policy was to keep the Empire in business.[48]

Under Ernest Bevin's leadership, London pushed Washington into an anti-Communist coalition that launched the Cold War in 1947 and established the NATO military alliance against the USSR in 1949.[49] Furthermore, independent of Washington London committed large sums to developing a secret nuclear weapons programme.[50]

In the 1951 general election, Labour narrowly lost to Churchill's Conservatives, despite receiving the larger share of the popular vote. Its 13.9 million vote total was the highest ever. Most of its innovation were accepted by the Conservatives and Liberals and became part of the "post-war consensus" that lasted until the Thatcher era of the 1980s.[51]

Internal feuds (1951–1964)

Hugh Gaitskell, Leader of the Opposition (1955–1963).

Labour spent 13 years in opposition. It suffered an ideological split, between the left-wing followers of Aneurin Bevan (known as Bevanites) and the right-wing following Hugh Gaitskell (known as Gaitskellites). The economy recovered as Conservatives hung together and chanted, "You Never Had It So Good.".[52][53] The ageing Attlee contested the general election in 1955, which saw Labour lose ground; he retired and was replaced by Gaitskell. Internal squabbling now focused on the issues of nuclear disarmament, Britain's entry into the European Economic Community (EEC), and Clause IV of the Labour Party Constitution, with its commitment to nationalisation. Gaitskell led Labour to a third consecutive defeat at the 1959 general election despite the party appearing more united than it had been for some time. Gaitskell responded by attempting to remove Clause IV (the nationalisation clause) from the party constitution, but this was unsuccessful. Gaitskell died suddenly in 1963, and cleared the way for Harold Wilson to lead the party.[54]

Wilson as leader (1964–1974)

Main article: Labour government, 1964–1970
Harold Wilson, Prime Minister (1964–1970 and 1974–1976)

A downturn in the economy and a series of scandals in the early 1960s had engulfed the Conservative government by 1963. The Labour Party returned to government with a 4-seat majority under Wilson in the 1964 general election but a landslide increased its majority to 96 in the 1966 general election.[55][56]

Labour was responsible for a number of sweeping social and cultural reforms mostly under the leadership of Home Secretary Roy Jenkins such as the abolition of the death penalty; the legalisation of abortion; loosening restrictions on homosexuality, the abolition of theatre censorship, and legislation to outlaw racial discrimination[57]

The government put heavy emphasis on expanding opportunities through education: Comprehensive education was expanded at the secondary level and the Open University created for adults.[58]

Wilson's first period as Prime Minister coincided with a period of relatively low unemployment and economic prosperity, it was however hindered by significant problems with a large trade deficit which it had inherited from the previous government. The first three years of the government were spent in an ultimately doomed attempt to stave off the continued devaluation of the pound. Labour went on to unexpectedly lose the 1970 general election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath.[59] Labour in opposition kept Wilson as Leader. The 1970s proved a difficult time to be in government for both the Conservatives and Labour due to the 1973 oil crisis, which caused high inflation and a global recession. The Labour Party was returned to power again under Wilson a few days after the February 1974 general election, forming a minority government with the support of the Ulster Unionists.[60] In a bid to gain a majority, Prime Minister Wilson soon called an election for October 1974. Labour won a slim majority of three, gaining 18 seats taking its total to 319.[61]

Majority to minority (1974–1979)

Main article: Labour government, 1974–1979
James Callaghan, Prime Minister (1976–1979)

In March 1974 Wilson was appointed prime minister for a second time; he called a snap election in October 1974, which gave Labour a small majority. During his second term as prime minister, Wilson oversaw the referendum that confirmed the UK's membership of the European Communities.[62]

When Wilson suddenly announced his retirement in March 1976, Callaghan defeated five other candidates to be elected Leader of the Labour Party; he was appointed prime minister on 5 April 1976. By now Labour had lost its narrow majority. To stay in power Callaghan made a confidence and supply agreement with the Liberal Party. While this initially proved stable, it could not survive in the face of major industrial disputes and widespread strikes in the 1978–79 "Winter of Discontent", as well as the defeat of the referendum on devolution for Scotland. Minor parties joined the Conservatives to pass a motion of no-confidence in Callaghan on 28 March 1979. Callaghan led Labour to defeat at the 1979 election and was replaced by Conservative Margaret Thatcher. The 1979 defeat marked the beginning of 18 years in opposition for the Labour Party, the longest in its history. According to historian Kenneth O. Morgan, the fall of Callaghan meant the passing of an old obsolete system, as well as the end of corporatism, Keynesian spending programmes, subsidised welfare payments, and labour union power.[63]

Thatcherism and Labour's civil war (1979–1992)

See also: Shadow Cabinet of Michael Foot, Shadow Cabinet of Neil Kinnock, and Social Democratic Party (UK)
Michael Foot, Leader of the Opposition (1980–1983)
The Red Flag symbol used by the party during the 1966 general election and as the official logotype from 1980 to 1987, more specifically under Foot's leadership.

Following 1979 the Labour Party found itself overwhelmed by the Conservative government led by a highly aggressive Margaret Thatcher. From the right she largely rejected the Post-war consensus on economic and social policies that had bipartisan support since the 1950s. At first Thatcher's economic reforms were doing poorly. Argentina's invasion of a British possession in the Falklands War in Spring 1982 transformed British politics. Thatcher's aggressive reaction produced a smashing victory and national elation, guaranteeing Conservatives a massive landslide victory in the 1983 general election. Thatcher's successful attacks on labour unions in 1984-1985 further weakened the Labour base. It took a decade for Labour to recover.[64]

Labour's inward turn flared into a civil war between left and right. The party came under the control of young middle-class left-wing activists in the local constituencies. The left was led by Michael Foot and Tony Benn. They were keen on radical proposals as presented in the 1983 manifesto entitled "The New Hope for Britain". It called for extensive nationalisation of industry, with heavily centralized economic planning, and many additional controls on business.[65] It demanded unilateral nuclear disarmament and withdrawal from the European Community. Labour's manifesto was a repudiation of the Post-war consensus from the left. It alienated so many moderates, skilled workers and the general public that it was ridiculed as the "longest suicide note in history." Some top leaders quit the Labour Party and formed a new Social Democratic Party, but it could not survive. After Labour's massive defeat in the 1983 General Election, Neil Kinnock replaced Foot. He defeated the left wing, reversed the highly controversial Manifesto proposals, expelled extremist factions like the Trotskyist Militant tendency, and began a process of modernization and acceptance of many Thatcherite innovations.[66][67]

Modernisers take charge (1992–1997)

Kenneth Morgan states, "In 1992, the party presented itself as a modern social democratic party; its communication's officer, Peter Mandelson, ensured that the red flag image would disappear, with the party's new symbol being the gentle emblem of the red rose.[68] This was the party's logo from 1987 to 2007.

In November 1990 Thatcher resigned and was succeeded by the less confrontational Thatcherite John Major. Opinion polls had shown Labour comfortably ahead of the Conservatives largely because of Thatcher's introduction of the highly unpopular poll tax, combined with the fact that the economy was sliding into recession. Major replaced the poll tax but Kinnock energized Labour with the theme "It's Time for a Change", after more than a decade of unbroken Conservative rule.[69] The 1992 general election gave Conservatives a victory with a much-reduced majority of 21. It was a deeply disappointing result for Labour. For the first time in over 30 years there was serious doubt among the public and the media as to whether Labour could ever return to government. Kinnock resigned as leader and was succeeded by John Smith.[70]

Neil Kinnock, Leader of the Opposition (1983–1992)

The damage to the economy on Black Wednesday in September 1992 undermined the Conservative reputation for superior economic competence. By December, Labour had a comfortable lead in the opinion polls. The recession ended in early 1993 and was followed by a sharp fall in unemployment, together with sustained economic growth. Nevertheless, the Labour lead in the polls remained strong. Smith died suddenly in May 1994, and Tony Blair became leader.

Once again the battle resumed between the old guard on the left and the younger "modernisers". The old guard argued that they were regaining strength under Smith's strong leadership. Blair, the leader of the modernisers, warned that the long-term weaknesses had to be reversed. He argued that the party was too locked into a base that was shrinking, since it was based on the working-class, on trade unions and on residents of subsidised council housing. Blair said that the rapidly growing middle class was largely ignored, as well as more ambitious working-class families. He argued that they aspired to become middle-class and accepted the Conservative argument that traditional Labour was holding ambitious people back with higher tax policies. To present a fresh face and new policies to the electorate, New Labour needed more than fresh leaders; it had to jettison outdated policies, argued the modernisers.[71] Calling on the slogan, "One Member, One Vote" Blair defeated the union element and ended block voting by leaders of labour unions.[72] Blair and the modernisers called for radical adjustment of Party goals by repealing "Clause IV", the historic commitment to nationalisation of industry. This was achieved in 1995.[73]

New Labour (1994–2010)

Main article: New Labour
See also: Premiership of Tony Blair and Premiership of Gordon Brown
Further information: Shadow Cabinet of Tony Blair, First Blair ministry, Second Blair ministry, Third Blair ministry, and Brown ministry
New Labour logo

Blair continued to move the party further to the centre, abandoning the largely symbolic Clause Four at the 1995 mini-conference in a strategy to increase the party's appeal to "middle England". The political philosophy of New Labour was influenced by the party's development of Anthony Giddens' Third Way which attempted to provide a synthesis between capitalism and socialism.

Tony Blair, Prime Minister (1997–2007)

New Labour was first termed as an alternative branding for the Labour Party, dating from a conference slogan first used by the Labour Party in 1994, which was later seen in a draft manifesto published by the party in 1996, called New Labour, New Life For Britain. It was a continuation of the trend that had begun under the leadership of Neil Kinnock. New Labour as a name has no official status, but remains in common use to distinguish modernisers from those holding to more traditional positions, normally referred to as "Old Labour".

New Labour is a party of ideas and ideals but not of outdated ideology. What counts is what works. The objectives are radical. The means will be modern.[74]

The Labour Party won the 1997 general election in a landslide victory with a parliamentary majority of 179; it was the largest ever Labour majority, and at the time the largest swing to a political party achieved since 1945. Over the next decade, a wide range of progressive social reforms were enacted,[75][76] with millions lifted out of poverty during Labour's time in office largely as a result of various tax and benefit reforms.[77][78][79]

Among the early acts of Blair's government were the establishment of the national minimum wage, the devolution of power to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, major changes to the regulation of the banking system and the re-creation of a citywide government body for London, the Greater London Authority, with its own elected-Mayor. Combined with a Conservative opposition that had yet to organise effectively under William Hague, and the continuing popularity of Blair, Labour went on to win the 2001 election with a similar majority, dubbed the "quiet landslide" by the media.[80] In 2003 Labour introduced tax credits, government top-ups to the pay of low-wage workers.

A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War, which caused him to lose much of his political support.[81] The UN Secretary-General, among many, considered the war illegal and a violation of the UN Charter.[82][83] The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in most western countries, with Western governments divided in their support[84] and under pressure from worldwide popular protests.[85] The decisions that led up to the Iraq war and its subsequent conduct were the subject of the Iraq Inquiry.[86]

Gordon Brown, Prime Minister (2007–2010)

In the 2005 general election, Labour was re-elected for a third term, but with a reduced majority of 66 and popular vote of only 35.2%. Blair announced in September 2006 that he would step down as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour.[87] In the event, the party did lose power in Scotland to a minority Scottish National Party government at the 2007 elections and, shortly after this, Blair resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by the Chancellor, Gordon Brown.[88][89] Brown coordinated the UK's response to the 2007–2008 financial crisis.[90] Membership of the party also reached a low falling to 156,205 by the end of 2009: over 40 per cent of the 405,000 peak reached in 1997 and thought to be the lowest total since the party was founded.[91][92]

In the 2010 general election on 6 May that year, Labour with 29.0% of the vote won the second largest number of seats (258).[93] The Conservatives with 36.5% of the vote won the largest number of seats (307), but no party had an overall majority, meaning that Labour could still remain in power if they managed to form a coalition with at least one smaller party.[94] However, the Labour Party would have had to form a coalition with more than one other smaller party to gain an overall majority; anything less would result in a minority government.[95] On 10 May 2010, after talks to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats broke down, Brown announced his intention to stand down as Leader before the Labour Party Conference but a day later resigned as both Prime Minister and party leader.[96]

Opposition (2010–2024)

See also: Labour Party leadership of Ed Miliband and Labour Party leadership of Jeremy Corbyn
Further information: Shadow Cabinet of Ed Miliband and Shadow Cabinet of Jeremy Corbyn
Ed Miliband, Leader of the Opposition (2010–2015)

Ed Miliband won the subsequent leadership election.[97] Miliband emphasised "responsible capitalism" and greater state intervention to rebalance the economy away from financial services.[98] He advocated for more regulation of banks and energy companies[99] and often addressed the need to challenge vested interests[100] and increase inclusivity in British society.[101] He adopted the "One Nation Labour" branding in 2012. The Parliamentary Labour Party voted to abolish Shadow Cabinet elections in 2011,[102] ratified by the National Executive Committee and Party Conference. Henceforth the leader of the party chose the Shadow Cabinet members.[103]

In March 2014, the party reformed internal election procedures, including replacing the electoral college system with "one member, one vote". Mass membership was encouraged by creating a class of "registered supporters" as an alternative to full membership. Trade union members would also have to explicitly opt in rather than opt out of paying a political levy to the party.[104][105]

In September 2014, Labour outlined plans to cut the government's current account deficit and balance the budget by 2020, excluding investment. The party carried these plans into the 2015 general election,[106] which Labour lost. Its representation fell to 232 seats in the House of Commons.[107] The party lost 40 of its 41 seats in Scotland to the Scottish National Party.[108]

Jeremy Corbyn, Leader of the Opposition (2015–2020)

After the 2015 general election, Miliband resigned as party leader and Harriet Harman again became interim leader.[109] Labour held a leadership election in which Jeremy Corbyn, then a member of the Socialist Campaign Group,[110] was considered a fringe candidate when the contest began, receiving nominations from just 36 MPs, one more than the minimum required to stand, and the support of just 16 MPs.[111] The Labour Party saw a flood of membership applications during the leadership election, with most of the new members thought to be Corbyn supporters.[112] Corbyn was elected leader with 60% of the vote. Membership continued to climb after his victory;[113] one year later it had grown to more than 500,000, making it the largest political party in Western Europe.[114]

Tensions soon developed in the parliamentary party over Corbyn's leadership, particularly after the 2016 Brexit referendum.[115] Many in the party were angered that Corbyn did not campaign strongly against Brexit;[116] he had been only a "lukewarm" supporter of remaining in the European Union and refused to join David Cameron in campaigning for the Remain side.[117] 21 members of the Shadow Cabinet resigned after the referendum.[118] Corbyn lost a no-confidence vote among Labour MPs by 172–40,[119] triggering a leadership election, which he won decisively with 62% support among Labour party members.[120]

In April 2017, Prime Minister Theresa May called a snap election for June 2017.[121] Corbyn resisted pressure from within the Labour Party to call for a referendum on the eventual Brexit deal, instead focusing on healthcare, education and ending austerity.[122] Although Labour started the campaign as far as 20 points behind, it defied expectations by gaining 40% of the vote, its greatest share since 2001 and the biggest increase in vote share in a single general election since 1945.[123] The party gained a net 30 seats with the Conservatives losing their overall majority.[124][125]

From 2016, the Labour Party faced criticism for failing to deal with antisemitism. Criticism was also levelled at Corbyn.[126][127][128][129] The Chakrabarti Inquiry cleared the party of widespread antisemitism but identified an "occasionally toxic atmosphere".[130] High-profile party members, including Ken Livingstone,[131] Peter Willsman<[132] and Chris Williamson,[133] left the party or were suspended over antisemitism-related incidents. In 2018, internal divisions emerged over adopting the IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism, with 68 rabbis criticising the leadership.[134] The issue was cited by a number of MPs who left the party to set up Change UK.[135][136] An investigation by the Equalities and Human Rights Commission found the party responsible for three Equality Act breaches, including harassment political interference in antisemitism complaints.[137]

During the 2019 general election, Labour campaigned on a manifesto widely considered the most radical in decades, more closely resembling Labour's politics of the 1970s than subsequent decades. These included plans to nationalise the country's biggest energy firms, the National Grid, the water industry, Royal Mail, the railways and the broadband arm of BT.[138] The election saw Labour win its lowest number of seats since 1935.[139] Following Labour's defeat in the 2019 general election Corbyn announced that he would stand down as leader.[140]

Return to government (2024–present)

Main articles: Premiership of Keir Starmer and Starmer ministry
Keir Starmer, Prime Minister (2024–present)

On 4 April 2020, Keir Starmer was elected as Leader of the Labour Party amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.[141] During his tenure as opposition leader, Starmer repositioned the party from the left toward the political centre, and emphasised the importance of eliminating antisemitism within the party. Starmer led Labour to victory in the local elections in 2023 and 2024. In 2023, Starmer set out five missions for his government, targeting issues such as economic growth, health, clean energy, crime and education.[142]

During the 2024 general election, Labour maintained a strong poll lead, with its manifesto focusing on economic growth, planning system reform, infrastructure, clean energy, healthcare, education, childcare, constitutional reform, and strengthening workers' rights.[143][144] It pledged a new publicly owned energy company to achieve net zero emissions by 2030, a "Green Prosperity Plan", reducing patient waiting times and "rebuilding the NHS", reforming public services, and public ownership of the railway network and local bus services.[145][146] The manifesto also pledged to give votes to 16 year olds, reform the House of Lords, and to tax private schools, with money generated going into improving state education.[147][148]

Starmer led Labour to a landslide victory with a majority of 174, with a popular vote share of 33.7%,[149] ending fourteen years of Conservative government with Labour becoming the largest party in the House of Commons.[150][151] He succeeded Rishi Sunak as prime minister on 5 July 2024, becoming the first Labour prime minister since Gordon Brown in 2010 and the first one to win a general election since Tony Blair in 2005.[152] One of Starmer's first cabinet appointments was Rachel Reeves as Chancellor, which made her the first woman to hold the office.[153][154] The 2024 State Opening of Parliament outlined 39 pieces of legislation that Labour proposed, including bills to renationalise the railways, strengthen the rights of workers, and to give areas of England devolution powers.[155][156]

Ideology

Part of a series on
Socialism in
the United Kingdom
Ideologies
Principles
Intellectuals
Works
History
Political figures
Parties
(Current UK parties - Defunct UK parties)

Social democracy

Socialism

Communism

Northern Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Organisations
UK Trade unions

Other

Media
Related topics

Labour sits on the centre-left of the political spectrum.[157] It was formed to provide political representation for the trade union movement at in Parliament. The Labour Party gained a socialist commitment with the party constitution of 1918, Clause IV of which called for the "common ownership", or nationalisation, of the "means of production, distribution and exchange". Although about a third of British industry was taken into public ownership after the Second World War and remained so until the 1980s, the right of the party was questioning the validity of expanding on this by the late 1950s. Influenced by Anthony Crosland's book The Future of Socialism (1956), the circle around party leader Hugh Gaitskell felt that the commitment was no longer necessary. An attempt to remove Clause IV from the party constitution in 1959 failed; Tony Blair and New Labour "modernisers" were successful in removing Clause IV in 1994.[158][159][160]

Historically influenced by Keynesian economics, the party favoured government intervention in the economy and the redistribution of wealth. Taxation was seen as a means to achieve a "major redistribution of wealth and income" in the October 1974 election manifesto.[161] The party also desired increased rights for workers and a welfare state, including publicly funded healthcare. From the late-1980s onwards, the party adopted free market policies,[162] leading many observers to describe the Labour Party as social democratic or the Third Way, rather than democratic socialist.[163] Other commentators go further and argue that traditional social democratic parties across Europe, including the British Labour Party, have been so deeply transformed in recent years that it is no longer possible to describe them ideologically as "social democratic",[164] and that this ideological shift has put new strains on the Labour Party's traditional relationship with the trade unions.[165] Within the party, differentiation was made between the social democratic and the socialist wings of the party, the latter often subscribed to a radical socialist, even Marxist, ideology.[166][167]

While affirming a commitment to democratic socialism,[168][169] the new version of Clause IV no longer definitely commits the party to public ownership of industry and in its place advocates "the enterprise of the market and the rigour of competition" along with "high quality public services [...] either owned by the public or accountable to them".[168] MPs in the Socialist Campaign Group and the Labour Representation Committee see themselves as standard bearers for the radical socialist tradition in contrast to the democratic socialist tradition represented by organisations such as Compass and the magazine Tribune.[170] The group Progress, founded in 1996, represents the centrist position in the party and was opposed to the Corbyn leadership.[171][172] In 2015, Momentum was created by Jon Lansman as a grass-roots left-wing organisation following Jeremy Corbyn's election as party leader. Rather than organising among the PLP, Momentum is a rank-and-file grouping with an estimated 40,000 members.[173] The party also has a Christian socialist faction, the Christians on the Left society.[174][175][176]

Symbols

Labour has long been identified with red, a political colour traditionally affiliated with socialism and the labour movement. Prior to the red flag logo, the party had used a modified version of the classic 1924 shovel, torch, and quill emblem. In 1924, a brand-conscious Labour leadership had devised a competition, inviting supporters to design a logo to replace the 'polo mint' like motif that had previously appeared in party literature. The winning entry, emblazoned with the word "Liberty" over a design incorporating a torch, shovel, and quill symbol, was popularised through its sale, in badge form, for a shilling. The party conference in 1931 passed a motion "That this conference adopts Party Colours, which should be uniform throughout the country, colours to be red and gold".[177] During the New Labour period, the colour purple was also used, and the party has employed other colours in certain areas according to local tradition.[178][179]

The red flag, originally the official flag and symbol of the Labour Party.

Since the party's inception, the red flag has been Labour's official symbol; the flag has been associated with socialism and revolution ever since the 1789 French Revolution and the revolutions of 1848. The red rose, a symbol of socialism and social democracy, was adopted as the party symbol in 1986 as part of a rebranding exercise and is now incorporated into the party logo.[180]

The red flag became an inspiration, which resulted in the composition of "The Red Flag", the official party anthem since its inception, being sung at the end of party conferences and on various occasions such as in Parliament in February 2006 to mark the centenary of the Labour Party's founding. It still remains in use, although attempts were made to play down the role of the song during New Labour.[181][182] The song "Jerusalem", based on a William Blake poem, is also traditionally sung at the end of party conferences with The Red Flag.[183][184]

Constitution and structure

Clause IV (1995)

The Labour Party is a democratic socialist party. It believes that by the strength of our common endeavour we achieve more than we achieve alone, so as to create for each of us the means to realise our true potential and for all of us a community in which power, wealth and opportunity are in the hands of the many, not the few, where the rights we enjoy reflect the duties we owe, and where we live together, freely, in a spirit of solidarity, tolerance and respect.

Party Constitution, Labour Party Rule Book[168]

The Labour Party is a membership organisation consisting of individual members and constituency Labour parties, affiliated trade unions, socialist societies and the Co-operative Party, with which it has an electoral agreement. Members who are elected to parliamentary positions take part in the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP). Prior to Brexit in January 2020, members also took part in the European Parliamentary Labour Party (EPLP).

The party's decision-making bodies on a national level formally include the National Executive Committee (NEC), Labour Party Conference and National Policy Forum (NPF)—although in practice the Parliamentary leadership has the final say on policy. The 2008 Labour Party Conference was the first at which affiliated trade unions and Constituency Labour Parties did not have the right to submit motions on contemporary issues that would previously have been debated.[185] Labour Party conferences now include more "keynote" addresses, guest speakers and question-and-answer sessions, while specific discussion of policy now takes place in the National Policy Forum.

The Labour Party is an unincorporated association without a separate legal personality, and the Labour Party Rule Book legally regulates the organisation and the relationship with members.[186] The General Secretary represents the party on behalf of the other members of the Labour Party in any legal matters or actions.[187]

Membership and registered supporters

A graph showing Labour Party individual membership, excluding affiliated members and supporters.

As of 31 December 2010, under the new leader Ed Miliband, individual membership of the party was 193,261; a historical low for the Party since the 1930s.[188] Membership remained relatively unchanged in the following years.[188][189][190] In August 2015, prior to the 2015 leadership election, the Labour Party reported 292,505 full members, 147,134 affiliated supporters (mostly from affiliated trade unions and socialist societies) and 110,827 registered supporters; a total of about 550,000 members and supporters.[191][192]

Following the election of Jeremy Corbyn as leader, individual membership almost doubled to 388,262 in December 2015;[190] and rose significantly again the following year to 543,645 in December 2016.[193] As of December 2017, the party had 564,443 full members,[194] a peak since 1980 making it the largest political party in Western Europe.[195][196] Consequently, membership fees became the largest component of the party's income, overtaking trade unions donations which were previously of most financial importance, making Labour the most financially well-off British political party in 2017.[197] As of December 2019, the party had 532,046 full members.[198]

In the 2020 leadership election 490,731 people voted, of which 401,564 (81.8%) were members, 76,161 (15.5%) had affiliated membership and 13,006 (2.6%) were registered supporters. The registered supporter class was abolished in 2021.[199] By December 2023, the party's membership had fallen to 370,450 members.[200] In March 2024, it was revealed the party's membership had reduced further to 366,604 members.[5]

Northern Ireland

For many years, Labour held to a policy of not allowing residents of Northern Ireland to apply for membership,[201] instead supporting the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) which informally takes the Labour whip in the House of Commons.[202] The 2003 Labour Party Conference accepted legal advice that the party could not continue to prohibit residents of the province joining,[203] and whilst the National Executive has established a regional constituency party it has not yet agreed to contest elections there. In December 2015 a meeting of the members of the Labour Party in Northern Ireland decided unanimously to contest the elections for the Northern Ireland Assembly held in May 2016.[204] The Labour Party in Northern Ireland moved a model motion, in July 2020, for Labour's NEC to allow them a "Right to Stand".[205] The motion noted how the SDLP's alliance with Fianna Fáil, a member-party of the Liberal International in the Republic of Ireland, had meant that it was campaigning against the Irish Labour Party, which it saw as questioning "the legitimacy of Labour's sister party relationship".[205]

See also: Trade unionism in the United Kingdom
Unite the Union showing their support for the Labour party on their Leeds offices during the 2015 general election.

The Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation is the co-ordinating structure that supports the policy and campaign activities of affiliated union members within the Labour Party at the national, regional and local level.[206]

As it was founded by the unions to represent the interests of working-class people, Labour's link with the unions has always been a defining characteristic of the party. In recent years this link has come under increasing strain, with the RMT being expelled from the party in 2004 for allowing its branches in Scotland to affiliate to the left-wing Scottish Socialist Party.[207] Other unions have also faced calls from members to reduce financial support for the Party[208] and seek more effective political representation for their views on privatisation, public spending cuts and the anti-trade union laws.[209] Unison and GMB have both threatened to withdraw funding from constituency MPs and Dave Prentis of UNISON has warned that the union will write "no more blank cheques" and is dissatisfied with "feeding the hand that bites us".[210] Union funding was redesigned in 2013 after the Falkirk candidate-selection controversy.[211] The Fire Brigades Union, which "severed links" with Labour in 2004, re-joined the party under Corbyn's leadership in 2015.[212]

European and international affiliation

The Labour Party was a founder member of the Party of European Socialists (PES). The European Parliamentary Labour Party's 10 MEPs were part of the Socialists and Democrats (S&D), the second largest group in the European Parliament. The Labour Party was represented by Emma Reynolds in the PES presidency.[213]

The party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940.[214] Since 1951, the party has been a member of the Socialist International, which was founded thanks to the efforts of the Clement Attlee leadership. In February 2013, the Labour Party NEC decided to downgrade participation to observer membership status, "in view of ethical concerns, and to develop international co-operation through new networks".[215] Labour was a founding member of the Progressive Alliance international founded in co-operation with the Social Democratic Party of Germany and other social-democratic parties on 22 May 2013.[216][217][218][219]

Electoral performance

Main article: Electoral history of the Labour Party (UK)

For all detailed election results involving the Labour Party including: general elections, devolved national elections, London Assembly, London Mayoral, combined authority and European Parliament elections see: Electoral history of the Labour Party (UK).

In all general elections since 1918, Labour has been either the governing party or the Official Opposition.[220]

UK general election results

See also: Elections in the United Kingdom § General elections

Following the 1918 general election, Labour became the Official Opposition after the Conservatives went into coalition with the Liberal Party.[220] Labour's first minority governments came following the 1923 and 1929 general elections, the latter being the first time Labour were the largest party in the country by seats won.[220] They formed their first majority government following the 1945 general election.[220] However, after winning the 1950 general election, Labour would lose the following election in 1951 to the Conservatives despite gaining the highest share of votes to date at 48.8%.[220] During the 1983 election, Labour posted their worst vote share in the post-war period at 27.6%.[220] In 1997, a party record of 418 Labour MPs were elected.[220] At the 2024 general election, Labour won a landslide victory and returned to government with Keir Starmer as prime minister.[151]

See also: Elections in the United Kingdom § General elections
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Election Leader[221][222] Votes Seats Position Result Ref
No. Share No. ± Share
1900 Keir Hardie 62,698 1.8
2 / 670
 Increase 2 0.3 4th Conservative–Liberal Unionist [223]
1906 321,663 5.7
29 / 670
 Increase 27 4.3 Steady 4th Liberal [224]
January 1910 Arthur Henderson 505,657 7.6
40 / 670
 Increase 11 6.0 Steady 4th Liberal minority [225]
December 1910 George Nicoll Barnes 371,802 7.1
42 / 670
 Increase 2 6.3 Steady 4th Liberal minority [226]
1918[a] William Adamson 2,245,777 20.8
57 / 707
 Increase 15 8.1 Steady 4th Coalition Liberal–Conservative [230]
1922 J. R. Clynes 4,237,349 29.7
142 / 615
 Increase 85 23.1 Increase 2nd Conservative [232]
1923 Ramsay MacDonald 4,439,780 30.7
191 / 615
 Increase 49 30.1 Steady 2nd Labour minority [234]
1924 5,489,087 33.3
151 / 615
 Decrease 40 24.6 Steady 2nd Conservative [236]
1929[b] 8,370,417 37.1
287 / 615
 Increase 136 47.0 Increase 1st Labour minority [239]
1931 Arthur Henderson 6,649,630 30.9
52 / 615
 Decrease 235 8.5 Decrease 2nd Conservative–Liberal–National Labour [241]
1935 Clement Attlee 8,325,491 38.0
154 / 615
 Increase 102 25.0 Steady 2nd Conservative–Liberal National–National Labour [243]
1945 11,967,746 48.0
393 / 640
 Increase 239 61.0 Increase 1st Labour [228]
1950 13,266,176 46.1
315 / 625
 Decrease 78 50.4 Steady 1st Labour [228]
1951 13,948,883 48.8
295 / 625
 Decrease 20 47.2 Decrease 2nd Conservative [228]
1955 12,405,254 46.4
277 / 630
 Decrease 18 44.0 Steady 2nd Conservative [228]
1959 Hugh Gaitskell 12,216,172 43.8
258 / 630
 Decrease 19 40.1 Steady 2nd Conservative [228]
1964 Harold Wilson 12,205,808 44.1
317 / 630
 Increase 59 50.3 Increase 1st Labour [228]
1966 13,096,629 48.0
364 / 630
 Increase 47 57.8 Steady 1st Labour [228]
1970[c] 12,208,758 43.1
288 / 630
 Decrease 76 45.7 Decrease 2nd Conservative [228]
February 1974 11,645,616 37.2
301 / 635
 Increase 13 47.4 Increase 1st Labour minority [228]
October 1974 11,457,079 39.3
319 / 635
 Increase 18 50.2 Steady 1st Labour [228]
1979 James Callaghan 11,532,218 36.9
269 / 635
 Decrease 50 42.4 Decrease 2nd Conservative [228]
1983 Michael Foot 8,456,934 27.6
209 / 650
 Decrease 60 32.2 Steady 2nd Conservative [245]
1987 Neil Kinnock 10,029,807 30.8
229 / 650
 Increase 20 35.2 Steady 2nd Conservative [246]
1992 11,560,484 34.4
271 / 651
 Increase 42 41.6 Steady 2nd Conservative [247]
1997 Tony Blair 13,518,167 43.2
418 / 659
 Increase 145 63.6 Increase 1st Labour [248]
2001 10,724,953 40.7
412 / 659
 Decrease 6 62.7 Steady 1st Labour [249]
2005 9,552,436 35.2
355 / 646
 Decrease 47 55.0 Steady 1st Labour [250]
2010 Gordon Brown 8,606,517 29.0
258 / 650
 Decrease 90 40.0 Decrease 2nd Conservative–Liberal Democrats[251] [252]
2015 Ed Miliband 9,347,324 30.4
232 / 650
 Decrease 26 35.7 Steady 2nd Conservative [255]
2017 Jeremy Corbyn 12,877,918 40.0
262 / 650
 Increase 30 40.3 Steady 2nd Conservative minority
(with DUP confidence and supply)[256] 		[257]
2019 10,269,051 32.1
202 / 650
 Decrease 60 31.1 Steady 2nd Conservative [258]
2024 Keir Starmer 9,686,329 33.7
411 / 650
 Increase 209 63.4 Increase 1st Labour [259]
A graph showing the percentage of the popular vote received by major parties in general elections (1832–2005).
Note
  1. ^ The first election held under the Representation of the People Act 1918 in which all men over 21, and most women over the age of 30 could vote, and therefore a much larger electorate.[227]
  2. ^ First election held under the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 which gave all women aged over 21 the vote.[237]
  3. ^ Franchise extended to all 18 to 20-year-olds under the Representation of the People Act 1969.[244]

Leadership

Leaders of the Labour Party since 1906

Main article: Leader of the Labour Party (UK)

Source:[260]

Deputy Leaders of the Labour Party since 1922

Main article: Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (UK)

Leaders in the House of Lords since 1924

Labour prime ministers

Labour prime ministers
Name Portrait Country of birth Periods in office
Ramsay MacDonald Scotland 1924; 1929–1931
(first and second MacDonald ministries)
Clement Attlee England 1945–1950; 1950–1951
(Attlee ministry)
Harold Wilson England 1964–1966; 1966–1970; 1974; 1974–1976
(first, second, third and fourth Wilson ministries)
James Callaghan England 1976–1979
(Callaghan ministry)
Tony Blair Scotland 1997–2001; 2001–2005; 2005–2007
(first, second and third Blair ministries)
Gordon Brown Scotland 2007–2010
(Brown ministry)
Keir Starmer Keir Starmer England 2024–present
(Starmer ministry)

See also

References

  1. ^ Brivati & Heffernan 2000: "On 27 February 1900, the Labour Representation Committee was formed to campaign for the election of working class representatives to parliament."
  2. ^ Thorpe 2008, p. 8.
  3. ^ O'Shea, Stephen; Buckley, James (8 December 2015). "Corbyn's Labour party set for swanky HQ move". CoStar. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  4. ^ "Contact". Labour Party. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  5. ^ a b Helm, Toby (30 March 2024). "Labour membership falls by 23,000 over Gaza and green policies". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  6. ^ a b McGee, Luke (5 July 2024). "As Europe turns right, why has a center-left party won by a landslide in the UK?". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  7. ^ a b "Europe's Center-Left Can Learn a Lot From Scholz, Sanchez and Starmer". World Politics Review. 20 September 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  8. ^ a b Dahlgreen, Will (23 July 2014). "Britain's changing political spectrum". YouGov. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  9. ^ a b Peacock, Mike (8 May 2015). "The European centre-left's quandary". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015. A crushing election defeat for Britain's Labour party has laid bare the dilemma facing Europe's centre-left.
  10. ^ a b Budge 2008, pp. 26–27.
  11. ^ [6][7][8][9][10]
  12. ^ The Telegraph. "'Change begins now', says Sir Keir Starmer in first speech after winning general election". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
  13. ^ Sparrow, Andrew (17 September 2024). "Labour unveils 'Change Begins' as conference slogan". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
  14. ^ "Open Council Data UK – compositions councillors parties wards elections". opencouncildata.co.uk. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  15. ^ Abou-Chadi, Tarik; Gingrich, Jane (9 May 2021). "It's not just in Britain – across Europe, social democracy is losing its way". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  16. ^ "Britain's Labour Party embraces supply-side social democracy". The Economist. 11 October 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  17. ^ Clarkson, Alexander (20 September 2023). "Europe's Center-Left Can Learn a Lot From Scholz, Sanchez and Starmer". World Politics Review. Archived from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  18. ^ Matthew Worley (2009). The Foundations of the British Labour Party: Identities, Cultures and Perspectives, 1900–39. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-7546-6731-5.
  19. ^ Martin Pugh, Speak for Britain!: a new history of the Labour Party (1910), pp. 14–50. online
  20. ^ Frank Bealey, "The Electoral Arrangement between the Labour Representation Committee and the Liberal Party," Journal of Modern History 28#4 (1956), pp. 353–373 in JSTOR Archived 1 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Pugh, Speak for Britain!, pp. 52–68.
  22. ^ Taylor, Robert (2000). "Out of the bowels of the Movement: The Trade Unions and the Origins of the Labour Party 1900–18". The Labour Party. pp. 8–49. doi:10.1057/9780230595583_2. ISBN 978-0-333-74650-9. Archived from the original on 13 September 2024. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  23. ^ Stanley Shapiro, "The Passage of Power: Labor and the New Social Order." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 120.6 (1976): 464–474. online
  24. ^ Keith Laybourn, "The rise of Labour and the decline of Liberalism: the state of the debate." History 80.259 (1995): 207–226. online
  25. ^ David Marquand, Ramsay Macdonald(1977), pp. 297–328.
  26. ^ Marquand, Ramsay Macdonald(1977), pp. 329–356.
  27. ^ Paul W. Doerr, British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939 (1998), pp. 78–83.
  28. ^ Marquand, Ramsay Macdonald (1977), pp. 422–440, 483–488.
  29. ^ Paul W. Doerr, British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939 (1998) pp.106–107, 119–120.
  30. ^ Hugh Dalton, Principles of public finance (1954) p. 213–220 online.
  31. ^ Pelling, A Short History of the Labour Party, pp.63–79.
  32. ^ R. Bassett, Nineteen thirty-one political crisis (1958) pp. 127–182. online
  33. ^ Andrew Thorpe, Britain in the 1930s (1992) pp. 41–49.
  34. ^ Pelling, A Short History of the Labour Party, pp.79–87.
  35. ^ L. C. B. Seaman, Post-Victorian Britain: 1902-1951 (1966) pp. 205–246.
  36. ^ Kenneth Harris, Attlee (1982) pp.161–162.
  37. ^ John Bew, Clement Attlee (2017) pp.245–336.
  38. ^ Steven Fielding, "What did 'the people' want?: the meaning of the 1945 general election". Historical Journal 35#3 (1992): 623–639 online Archived 2 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  39. ^ William Harrington, and Peter Young. The 1945 revolution (1978) pp. 186-206 online
  40. ^ John Bew, Clement Attlee: The Man Who Made Modern Britain(Oxford UP, 2017) pp. 397–409. online
  41. ^ John Singleton, "Labour, the Conservatives and nationalisation." in The political economy of nationalisation in Britain, 1920–1950 (1995): 13-33.
  42. ^ David Kynaston, Austerity Britain, 1945–1951 (2008)
  43. ^ Derek H. Aldcroft, The British Economy: Volume 1 The Years of Turmoil, 1920-1951 (1986) pp.206, 209. online.
  44. ^ Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (Cambridge Up, 1987), pp. 29, 31, 48, 82–84.
  45. ^ Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour in Power, 1945-1951 (1984) pp.270–272, 366.
  46. ^ Norman Moss, Picking up the Reins: America, Britain and the Postwar World(Duckworth, 2008) pp.131–151.
  47. ^ Bew, Clement Attlee (2017) pp. 426–443.
  48. ^ John Darwin. "The Crisis of Empire, 1945–48." in Britain and Decolonisation: The retreat from empire in the post-war world (1988): 69-125.
  49. ^ Robert Frazier, "Did Britain Start the Cold War? Bevin and the Truman Doctrine" The Historical Journal (1984) 27#3:715-727. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00018045
  50. ^ Richard Gott, “The Evolution of the Independent British Deterrent.” International Affairs 39#2 (1963), pp. 238–52. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2611300.
  51. ^ Brian Harrison, “The Rise, Fall and Rise of Political Consensus in Britain since 1940.” History 84#274 (1999), pp. 301–24. online
  52. ^ Jeremy Black, A history of Britain: 1945 to Brexit ( Indiana University Press, 2017) p. 130.
  53. ^ Peter Hennessy, Having it so good: Britain in the fifties (Penguin UK, 2007).
  54. ^ Alastair J. Reid and Henry Pelling, A Short History of the Labour Party (12th ed. 2005) pp.94–103 online.
  55. ^ Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (HarperCollins, 1992) pp.282–309, 395–404. online
  56. ^ David E. Butler, and Anthony King, The British General Election of 1966 (1966) pp.1-22 online.
  57. ^ Peter Dorey, "Social and Sexual Liberalisation," in Andrew S. Crines and Kevin Hickson, eds., Harold Wilson: The Unprincipled Prime Minister?: A Reappraisal of Harold Wilson (Biteback Publishing, 2016) pp.165–203.
  58. ^ Jane Martin, "Education Policy," in Crines and Hickson, eds., Harold Wilson (2016) pp.131–148.
  59. ^ Philip Ziegler, Harold Wilson: The Authorized Biography Life of Lord Wilson of Rievaulx (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993) PP.346–354 online.
  60. ^ David Butler, The British general election of February 1974 (1974) pp.10–26, 270–273. online
  61. ^ Ziegler, Harold Wilson pp Death.400–421 online.
  62. ^ Ziegler, Wilson (1995) pp. 400–491.
  63. ^ Kenneth O. Morgan, Britain Since 1945: The People's Peace (Oxford UP, 2001). p. 437.
  64. ^ Kenneth O. Morgan, The People's Peace (2001) pp 456–478, 490–491, 500–501.online
  65. ^ The 1983 manifesto entitled "The New Hope for Britain" is online here Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  66. ^ Peter Jenkins, Mrs. Thatcher's Revolution: The Ending of the Socialist Era (1988) pp. 102-128. online
  67. ^ Brian Brivati and Richard Heffernan, eds. The Labour Party: A Centenary History (2000) pp. 112-142, 376-377.
  68. ^ Kenneth Morgan, Britain since 1945: The People's Peace (2001) p.510.
  69. ^ Dennis Kavanaugh, "Opposition" in Dennis Kavanaugh and Anthony Selden, eds The Major Effect (1994) pp. 145-153.
  70. ^ David Butler, and Dennis Kavanagh, eds The British General Election of 1992 (1992) pp.247–275. online
  71. ^ David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, eds., The British general election of 1997 (1997), pp 46–67.
  72. ^ Rentoul 2001, pp. 206–218.
  73. ^ Rentoul 2001, pp. 249–266.
  74. ^ "new Labour because Britain deserves better". Labour Party. Archived from the original on 31 July 2008.
  75. ^ "Nigel has written a key list" (PDF). Paultruswell.org.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2006. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  76. ^ "Reforms – ISSA". Issa.int. 7 January 2004. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  77. ^ "Making a difference: Tackling poverty – a progress report" (PDF). Department for Work and Pensions. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  78. ^ "UK: numbers in low income". The Poverty Site. Archived from the original on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  79. ^ "Work, Family, Health, and Well-Being: What We Know and Don't Know about Outcomes for Children" (PDF). OECD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  80. ^ Mitchinson, John; Pollard, Justin; Oldfield, Molly; Murray, Andy (26 December 2009). "QI: Our Quite Interesting Quiz of the Decade, compiled by the elves from the TV show". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  81. ^ "European Opposition To Iraq War Grows | Current Affairs". Deutsche Welle. 13 January 2003. Archived from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  82. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (14 December 2015). U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror [3 volumes]: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror. ABC-CLIO. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-4408-3879-8. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016 – via Google Books.
  83. ^ McClintock 2010, p. 150.
  84. ^ Bennhold, Katrin (28 August 2004). "Unlikely alliance built on opposition to Iraq war now raises questions". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  85. ^ Fishwick, Carmen (8 July 2016). "'We were ignored': anti-war protesters remember the Iraq war marches". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  86. ^ "Chilcot report: key points from the Iraq inquiry". The Guardian. 6 July 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  87. ^ "I will quit within a year – Blair". BBC News. 7 September 2007. Archived from the original on 17 November 2006.
  88. ^ Patrick Wintour (4 May 2007). "SNP wins historic victory". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  89. ^ "Blair resigns as prime minister". BBC News. 27 June 2007. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  90. ^ "Gordon Brown admits 'big mistake' over banking crisis". BBC News. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  91. ^ Kirkup, James; Prince, Rosa (30 July 2008). "Labour Party membership falls to lowest level since it was founded in 1900". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  92. ^ "John Marshall: Membership of UK political parties; House of Commons, SN/SG/5125; 2009, page 9" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2013.
  93. ^ "Election 2010 results". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  94. ^ "UK election results: data for every candidate in every seat". The Guardian. London. 7 May 2010. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017.
  95. ^ Wintour, Patrick (7 May 2010). "General election 2010: Can Gordon Brown put together a rainbow coalition?". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  96. ^ Mason, Trevor; Smith, Jon (10 May 2010). "Gordon Brown to resign as Labour leader". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  97. ^ "Harman made acting Labour leader". BBC News. 11 May 2010. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  98. ^ Miliband, Ed (25 May 2012). "Building a responsible capitalism". Juncture (IPPR). Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  99. ^ "Ed Miliband's Banking Reform Speech: The Full Details". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  100. ^ "Ed Miliband: Surcharge culture is fleecing customers". BBC News. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  101. ^ "Ed Miliband speech on Social Mobility to the Sutton Trust". The Labour Party. 21 May 2012. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  102. ^ Neild, Barry (6 July 2011). "Labour MPs vote to abolish shadow cabinet elections". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  103. ^ "John Prescott calls for Labour shadow cabinet reshuffle". BBC News. 26 September 2011. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  104. ^ Andrew Grice (28 February 2014). "Tony Blair backs Ed Miliband's internal Labour reforms". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  105. ^ Andrew Sparrow (1 March 2014). "Miliband wins vote on Labour party reforms with overwhelming majority". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  106. ^ "Is Osborne right that a smaller state means a richer UK?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  107. ^ "How many seats did Labour win?". The Independent. London. 8 May 2015. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  108. ^ "Scotland election 2015 results: SNP landslide amid almost total Labour wipeout – as it happened". The Daily Telegraph. London. 8 May 2015. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  109. ^ "Labour election results: Ed Miliband resigns as leader". BBC News. 8 May 2015. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  110. ^ Mason, Rowena (12 September 2015). "Labour leadership: Jeremy Corbyn elected with huge mandate". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 17 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  111. ^ Eaton, George (12 September 2015). "The epic challenges facing Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  112. ^ "Labour leadership: Huge increase in party's electorate". BBC News. 12 August 2015. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  113. ^ "Jeremy Corbyn: Membership of Labour party has doubled since 2015 general election". International Business Times. 8 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  114. ^ "Jeremy Corbyn Is Re-elected as Leader of Britain's Labour Party". The New York Times. 24 September 2016. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  115. ^ Syal, Rajeev; Perraudin, Frances; Slawson, Nicola (27 June 2016). "Shadow cabinet resignations: who has gone and who is staying". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  116. ^ Asthana, Anushka; Syal, Rajeev; Elgot, Jessica (28 June 2016). "Labour MPs prepare for leadership contest after Corbyn loses confidence vote". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 28 June 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  117. ^ McTague, Tom (25 June 2016). "How David Cameron blew it". Politico. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  118. ^ Elgot, Jessica (27 June 2016). "Labour crisis: the most powerful lines from shadow cabinet resignations". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  119. ^ Asthana, Anushka; Elgot, Jessica; Syal, Rajeev (28 June 2016). "Jeremy Corbyn suffers heavy loss in Labour MPs confidence vote". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 June 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  120. ^ "Labour leadership: Jeremy Corbyn defeats Owen Smith". BBC News. 24 September 2016. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  121. ^ "Theresa May seeks general election". BBC News. 18 April 2017. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  122. ^ Castle, Stephen (23 September 2018). "Jeremy Corbyn, at Labour Party Conference, Faces Pressure on New Brexit Vote". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019.
  123. ^ Griffin, Andrew (9 June 2017). "Corbyn gives Labour biggest vote share increase since 1945". The London Economic. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  124. ^ Travis, Alan (11 June 2017). "Labour can win majority if it pushes for new general election within two years". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  125. ^ Blitz, James (26 June 2017). "The UK Conservative party's deal with DUP is the easy part". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 21 June 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  126. ^ "Jeremy Corbyn regrets comments about 'anti-Semitic' mural". BBC News. 23 March 2018. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019.
  127. ^ Coulter, Martin (25 August 2019). "Jeremy Corbyn defends 'Zionists and English irony' comments". PoliticsHome. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019.
  128. ^ Stewart, Heather; Marsh, Sarah (1 May 2019). "Jewish leaders demand explanation over Corbyn book foreword". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019.
  129. ^ "Jeremy Corbyn apologises over 2010 Holocaust event". BBC News. 1 August 2018. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019.
  130. ^ "Chakrabarti inquiry: Labour not overrun by anti-Semitism". BBC News. 30 June 2016. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  131. ^ Crerar, Pippa (21 May 2018). "Ken Livingstone quits Labour after antisemitism claims". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  132. ^ "Peter Willsman: Labour suspends NEC member over anti-Semitism remarks". BBC News. 31 May 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  133. ^ Speare-Cole, Rebecca (7 November 2019). "Chris Williamson to stand as independent MP after Labour ban". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  134. ^ "Labour party must listen to the Jewish community on defining antisemitism". The Guardian. 16 July 2018. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019.
  135. ^ "Luciana Berger quits the Labour party over 'institutional anti-semitism'". ITV. 18 February 2019. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019.
  136. ^ Mirvis, Ephraim (25 November 2019). "What will become of Jews in Britain if Labour forms the next government?". The Times. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019.
  137. ^ "What does the Labour anti-Semitism report say?". BBC News. 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  138. ^ Mason, Paul (15 August 2016). "The parallels between Jeremy Corbyn and Michael Foot are almost all false". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  139. ^ Collier, Ian (14 December 2019). "General election: Jeremy Corbyn to quit as Labour leader after disastrous night". Sky News. Archived from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  140. ^ "Jeremy Corbyn: 'I will not lead Labour at next election'". BBC News. 13 December 2019. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  141. ^ "Keir Starmer elected as new Labour leader". 4 April 2020. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  142. ^ Mason, Chris; Whannel, Kate (23 February 2023). "Keir Starmer unveils Labour's five missions for the country". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 July 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  143. ^ "Labour manifesto 2024: Find out how Labour will get Britain's future back". The Labour Party. 23 May 2024. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  144. ^ "Labour Party Manifesto 2024" (PDF). Labour Party Manifesto 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  145. ^ Reid, Jenni (13 June 2024). "Britain's Labour Party pledges 'wealth creation' as it targets landslide election victory". CNBC. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  146. ^ "Starmer launches Labour's pro-business, pro-worker manifesto with £7.35bn of new taxes". Yahoo News. 13 June 2024. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  147. ^ Mason, Rowena (13 June 2024). "Change and growth: five key takeaways from the Labour manifesto launch". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  148. ^ Gibbons, Amy; Sigsworth, Tim (16 May 2024). "Labour Party manifesto 2024: Keir Starmer's election promises". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  149. ^ "General election 2024 in maps and charts". BBC News. 6 July 2024. Archived from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  150. ^ "General election 2024 in maps and charts". BBC News. 6 July 2024. Archived from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  151. ^ a b Brown, Faye (5 July 2024). "'Change begins now', Starmer says - as Labour win historic landslide". Sky News. Archived from the original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  152. ^ Mason, Rowena (5 July 2024). "Keir Starmer promises 'stability and moderation' in first speech as PM". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 7 July 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  153. ^ "Rachel Reeves Goes for Growth as UK's First Female Chancellor". Bloomberg.com. 5 July 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  154. ^ "Rachel Reeves: First female chancellor a 'game-changer' says MP". BBC News. 8 July 2024. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  155. ^ "Starmer pledges growth with building and rail reforms". BBC News. BBC. 17 July 2024. Archived from the original on 31 August 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  156. ^ "Key points in King's Speech at a glance". BBC News. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 29 August 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  157. ^ [6][7][8][9][10]
  158. ^ Martin Daunton "The Labour Party and Clause Four 1918–1995" Archived 21 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, History Review 1995 (History Today website)
  159. ^ Philip Gould The Unfinished Revolution: How New Labour Changed British Politics Forever, London: Hachette digital edition, 2011, p.30 (originally published by Little, Brown, 1998)
  160. ^ John Rentoul "'Defining moment' as Blair wins backing for Clause IV" Archived 8 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, 14 March 1995.
  161. ^ Lund 2006, p. 111.
  162. ^ Mulholland, Helene (7 April 2011). "Labour will continue to be pro-business, says Ed Miliband". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  163. ^ Hay 2002, pp. 114–115; Hopkin & Wincott 2006; Jessop 2004; McAnulla 2006, pp. 118, 127, 133, 141; Merkel et al. 2008, pp. 4, 25–26, 40, 66.
  164. ^ Lavelle, Ashley (2008). The Death of Social Democracy, Political Consequences for the 21st Century. Ashgate Publishing.
  165. ^ Daniels & McIlroy 2009; McIlroy 2011; Smith 2009; Smith & Morton 2006.
  166. ^ Crines 2011, p. 161.
  167. ^ "What's left of the Labour left?". Total Politics. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  168. ^ a b c "Labour Party Rule Book" (PDF). Labour Party. 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  169. ^ "How we work – How the party works". Labour Party. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  170. ^ Akehurst, Luke (14 March 2011). "Compass and Progress: A tale of two groupings". LabourList. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  171. ^ Angell, Richard (2 March 2017). "The problem is politics, not PR". Progress Online. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017. few come more 'militant anti-Corbyn' than I
  172. ^ "What would Jeremy do?". Progress Online. 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
  173. ^ Cowburn, Ashley (4 April 2018). "Momentum: Corbyn-backing organisation now has 40,000 paying members, overtaking Green Party". The Independent. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  174. ^ "Christian Socialist Movement: Labour party affiliation". 3 May 2009. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  175. ^ Kurian, Thomas, ed. (2011). The Encyclopedia of Political Science. Washington D.C.: CQ Press. p. 1555.
  176. ^ Routledge, Paul (22 May 1994). "Labour revives faith in Christian Socialism". The Independent on Sunday.
  177. ^ "Labour Party Annual Conference Report", 1931, p. 233.
  178. ^ "The seats where Tories weren't blue and Labour wasn't red". BBC News. 3 May 2015. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  179. ^ Abrams, Fran (20 April 1997). "Election '97: Labour go from red to purple". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  180. ^ "The long and the short about Labour's red rose". The Daily Telegraph. London. 26 June 2001. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
  181. ^ Grady, Helen (21 March 2011). "Blue Labour: Party's radical answer to the Big Society?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  182. ^ Hoggart, Simon (28 September 2007). "Red Flag rises above a dodgy future". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
  183. ^ "Video: Ed Miliband sings The Red Flag and Jerusalem at the Labour Party Conference". The Daily Telegraph. London. 29 September 2011. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  184. ^ "Labour conference: National Anthem to open event". BBC News. 19 September 2022. Archived from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  185. ^ "Anger over 'union debate limit'". BBC News. 19 September 2007. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
  186. ^ Aamodt, Athelstane (17 September 2015). "Unincorporated associations and elections". Local Government Lawyer. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  187. ^ "Watt (formerly Carter) (sued on his own on behalf of the other members of the Labour Party) (Respondent) v. Ahsan (Appellant)". The Lords of Appeal. House of Lords. 18 July 2007. [2007] UKHL 51. Archived from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  188. ^ a b "Financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2011". search.electoralcommission.org.uk.
  189. ^ "Financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2013". search.electoralcommission.org.uk.
  190. ^ a b "Financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2015". search.electoralcommission.org.uk. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  191. ^ Oliver Wright (10 September 2015). "Labour leadership contest: After 88 days of campaigning, how did Labour's candidates do?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015. the electorate is divided into three groups: 292,000 members, 148,000 union "affiliates" and 112,000 registered supporters who each paid £3 to take part
  192. ^ Bloom, Dan (25 August 2015). "All four Labour leadership candidates rule out legal fight – despite voter count plummeting by 60,000". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015. total of those who can vote now stands at 550,816 ... The total still eligible to vote are now 292,505 full paid-up members, 147,134 supporters affiliated through the unions and 110,827 who've paid a £3 fee.
  193. ^ "The Labour Party – Financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2017" Archived 20 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine Labour Party. July 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  194. ^ "The Labour Party – Financial statements for the year ending 31 December 2017". Labour Party. July 2018. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  195. ^ Waugh, Paul (13 June 2017). "Labour Party Membership Soars By 35,000 In Just Four Days – After 'Corbyn Surge' In 2017 General Election". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  196. ^ Audickas, Lukas (3 September 2018). "UK political party membership figures: August 2018". House of Commons library. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  197. ^ Sabbagh, Dan (22 August 2018). "Labour is Britain's richest party – and it's not down to the unions". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  198. ^ "The Labour Party – Financial statements for the year ending 31 December 2019". The Electoral Commission. July 2020. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  199. ^ Burton, Matthew; Tunnicliffe, Richard (30 August 2022). "Membership of political parties in Great Britain" (PDF). House of Commons Library. UK Parliament. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  200. ^ Morton, Becky (22 August 2024). "Party memberships fell in 2023 despite looming election". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
  201. ^ Labour Party membership form at the Wayback Machine (archive index), ca. 1999. Retrieved 31 March 2007. "Residents of Northern Ireland are not eligible for membership."
  202. ^ Understanding Ulster Archived 6 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Antony Alcock, Ulster Society Publications, 1997. Chapter II: The Unloved, Unwanted Garrison. Via Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
  203. ^ "Labour NI ban overturned". BBC News. 1 October 2003. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  204. ^ "LPNI prepare to fight elections". Labour Party in Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016.
  205. ^ a b "Labour Party Northern Ireland model statement on Right to Stand". Labour Party in Northern Ireland. 4 July 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  206. ^ "Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation (TULO)". Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  207. ^ "RMT 'breached' Labour party rules". BBC News. 27 January 2004. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  208. ^ "CWU resolution to TUC Congress 2009". TUC Congress Voices. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  209. ^ Dunton, Jim (17 June 2009). "Unison: "no more blank cheques' for Labour". Local Government Chronicle. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  210. ^ "Miliband urges 'historic' changes to Labour's union links". BBC News. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  211. ^ Features (24 December 2015). "Corbyn has brought back Labour, so the FBU brought back the firefighters". Morning Star. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  212. ^ "Party of European Socialists". Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  213. ^ Kowalski, Werner (1985). Geschichte der sozialistischen arbeiter-internationale: 1923–1940 [History of the Socialist Workers' International: 1923–1940] (in German). Berlin: Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016 – via Google Books.
  214. ^ Black, Ann (6 February 2013). "Report from Labour's January executive". Leftfutures.org. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  215. ^ "Progressive Alliance: Sozialdemokraten gründen weltweites Netzwerk" [Progressive Alliance: Social Democrats establish global network]. Der Spiegel (in German). Spiegel.de. 22 May 2013. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  216. ^ "Vorwurf: SPD "spaltet die Linken"" [Accusation: SPD "splits the left"] (in German). Kurier.At. 22 May 2013. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  217. ^ "Vorwärts in eine ungewisse Zukunft – 150 Jahre SPD" [Forward to an uncertain future – 150 years of the SPD] (in German). Morgenweb.de. 22 May 2013. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  218. ^ "Sozialdemokratische Parteien gründen neues Bündnis" [Social democratic parties found new alliance]. Deutsche Welle (in German). Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  219. ^ a b c d e f g Cracknell, Richard; Uberoi, Elise; Burton, Matthew (9 August 2023). "UK Election Statistics: 1918–2023, A Long Century of Elections" (PDF). House of Commons Library. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  220. ^ Reid, Alastair J.; Pelling, Henry (2005). A Short History of the Labour Party (12th ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 210. ISBN 1-4039-9313-0.
  221. ^ "A quick guide to Labour's leaders". BBC News. 23 September 2016. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  222. ^ Craig, F. W. S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 1. ISBN 0-333-17154-3.
  223. ^ Craig, F. W. S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 7. ISBN 0-333-17154-3.
  224. ^ Craig, F. W. S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 14. ISBN 0-333-17154-3.
  225. ^ Craig, F. W. S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 23. ISBN 0-333-17154-3.
  226. ^ "Representation of the People Act 1918". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  227. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Cracknell, Richard; Uberoi, Elise; Burton, Matthew (9 August 2023). "UK Election Statistics: 1918–2023, A Long Century of Elections" (PDF). House of Commons Library. pp. 16–17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  228. ^ Craig, F. W. S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 27. ISBN 0-333-17154-3.
  229. ^ [228][229]
  230. ^ Craig, F. W. S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 35. ISBN 0-333-17154-3.
  231. ^ [228][231]
  232. ^ Craig, F. W. S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 44. ISBN 0-333-17154-3.
  233. ^ [228][233]
  234. ^ Craig, F. W. S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 54. ISBN 0-333-17154-3.
  235. ^ [228][235]
  236. ^ "On this day in May 1929 women vote in general election on same terms as men". UK Parliament. 30 May 2018. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  237. ^ Craig, F. W. S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 69. ISBN 0-333-17154-3.
  238. ^ [228][238]
  239. ^ Craig, F. W. S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 89. ISBN 0-333-17154-3.
  240. ^ [228][240]
  241. ^ Craig, F. W. S. (1975). British General Election Manifestos, 1900–1974. London: Macmillan. p. 101. ISBN 0-333-17154-3.
  242. ^ [228][242]
  243. ^ "1969 Representation of the People Act". UK Parliament House of Commons Library. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  244. ^ "General Election Results, 9 June 1983" (PDF). House of Commons Public Information Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  245. ^ "General Election Results, 1987" (PDF). House of Commons Public Information Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  246. ^ "General Election Results" (PDF). House of Commons Public Information Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  247. ^ "General Election results, 1 May 1997" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 29 March 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  248. ^ "General Election results, 7 June 2001" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 18 June 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  249. ^ "General Election 2005" (PDF). House of Commons Library. pp. 32, 92. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  250. ^ "Election 2010 Timeline: How coalition was agreed". BBC News. 13 May 2010. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  251. ^ "General Election 2010" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 2 February 2011. pp. 30, 86. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  252. ^ "UK 2015 general election results in full". The Guardian. 7 May 2015. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  253. ^ "General Election 2015" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 28 July 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  254. ^ [253][254]
  255. ^ Hunt, Alex (26 June 2017). "Theresa May and the DUP deal: What you need to know". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  256. ^ "General Election 2017: results and analysis" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 29 January 2019. pp. 8–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  257. ^ "General Election 2019: results and analysis" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 28 January 2020. pp. 8–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  258. ^ "Live results: The winners in every seat". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  259. ^ "A quick guide to Labour's leaders". BBC News. 23 September 2016. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  260. ^ a b "Labour Party Rule Book 2014" (PDF). House of Commons Library. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016. When the party is in opposition and the party leader, for whatever reason, becomes permanently unavailable, the deputy leader shall automatically become party leader on a pro-tem basis.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Bassett, Lewis. "Corbynism: Social democracy in a new left garb." Political Quarterly 90.4 (2019): 777–784 online Archived 5 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  • Brivati, Brian, and Richard Heffernan, eds. The Labour Party: A Centenary History (2000) online Archived 23 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine, 27 chapters by experts
  • Davies, A. J. To Build a New Jerusalem: Labour Movement from the 1890s to the 1990s (1996).
  • Driver, Stephen; and Luke Martell. New Labour: Politics after Thatcherism (Polity Press, wnd ed. 2006).
  • Foote, Geoffrey. The Labour Party's Political Thought: A History (Macmillan, 1997).
  • Harris, Kenneth. Attlee (1982) online
  • Kavanagh, Dennis. The Politics of the Labour Party (Routledge, 2013).
  • Morgan, Kenneth O. Labour People: Leaders and Lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock (Oxford UP, 1992), scholarly biographies of 30 key leaders.
  • Morgan, Kenneth O. "United Kingdom: A Comparative Case Study of Labour Prime Ministers Attlee, Wilson, Callaghan and Blair" The Journal of Legislative Studies 10.2-3 (2004): 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/135723304200032220
  • Pelling, Henry; and Alastair J. Reid. A Short History of the Labour Party (12th ed. 2005) online
  • Pimlott, Ben, and Chris Cook, eds. Trade unions in British politics: the first 250 years (2nd ed. Longman, 1991)
  • Plant, Raymond, Matt Beech and Kevin Hickson, eds. The Struggle for Labour's Soul: understanding Labour's political thought since 1945 (2004)
  • Rogers, Chris. "'Hang on a Minute, I've Got a Great Idea': From the Third Way to Mutual Advantage in the Political Economy of the British Labour Party." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 15#1 (2013): 53–69.
  • Rosen, Greg, ed. Dictionary of Labour Biography. (Politicos Publishing, 2001), 665pp; 300 short biographies by experts. online
  • Rosen, Greg. Old Labour to New, Politicos Publishing, 2005.
  • Seaman, L. C. B. Post-Victorian Britain: 1902-1951 (1966) online
  • Shaw, Eric. The Labour Party since 1979: Crisis and Transformation (Routledge, 1994). online
  • Shaw, Eric. "Understanding Labour Party Management under Tony Blair." Political Studies Review 14.2 (2016): 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478929915623296
  • Taylor, Robert. The Parliamentary Labour Party: A History 1906–2006 (2007).
  • Timmins, Nicholas. The five giants: a biography of the welfare state (2nd ed. 2001) online
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labour Party (United Kingdom).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labour_Party_(UK)&oldid=1257176308"